Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
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The Seljuk Empire under Alp Arslan, 1063–72
Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল Despite several marriages, Tughrıl died childless, having appointed as his suc- cessor his infant nephew Sulayman, who was backed by the vizier Kunduri,171 doubtless in the hope of obtaining vast power during a regency for the child. However, Sulayman’s elder brother, Alp Arslan, ruler of Khurasan since his father Chaghrı’s death in 451/1059, had already started to advance westwards on hearing rumours of Tughrıl’s malady.172 After seeing off the challenge of Qutlumush, who died in battle outside Rayy,
173 Alp Arslan turned to deal with Kunduri, whom he swiftly had imprisoned, executed and replaced with his own vizier, Nizam al- Mulk, who had served him in Khurasan.174 Tughrıl’s and Chaghrı’s lands, stretching from Iraq to Transoxiana, were now united for the first time under one ruler. However, this was no time for consolida- tion. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
Alp Arslan’s reign witnessed a relentless series of campaigns, usually headed by the sultan himself, which took him the length and breadth of the empire. Although these campaigns would culminate in the sultan’s famous victory over Byzantium at Manzikert in eastern Anatolia in 463/1071, Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
they were driven at least as much by the exigencies of internal politics as by the desire for expansion. Some campaigns aimed to bring the sultan’s errant relatives to heel, such as Alp Arslan’s brother Qavurt, the ruler of Kirman Although Qavurt had recognised Alp Arslan’s accession by having his name mentioned in the khu†ba, he also demanded his ‘share in his inheritance’, which he sought to assert by capturing Shiraz and threatening Isfahan.
175 Alp Arslan was obliged to head in person no fewer than three expeditions against him, and it was not until the beginning of Malikshah’s reign that Qavurt was finally captured and killed, although even then his descendants were left in control of Kirman and its outremer territory of Oman.
176 Campaigns were also directed at imposing sultanic authority on the Türkmen, such as those in Central Asia in 457–8/1064–5 which explic- itly targeted ‘wrong- doing’ (i.e., rebellious) Türkmen.177 Given that much Türkmen settlement was concentrated on the borders of the empire, where pasture was much more freely available than in arid central Iran or Iraq,
these campaigns could also be legitimised to a wider audience as jihad, holy war, against the Seljuks’ non- Muslim neighbours. For instance, one of Alp Arslan’s first acts as sultan, three months after his entry to Rayy, was to launch a major expedition into the Caucasus. Accompanied by his vizier Nizam al-M ulk and son Malikshah, he advanced northwest from Marand up the River Kur through Nakhchivan, burning and plundering his way through southern Georgia before seizing the great Armenian trading city of Ani,
then in Byzantine hands.178 His victories, relayed in letters to Baghdad, clearly had great propaganda value in representing the sultan as a doughty fighter for Islam; but in reality they were not intended to annex territory. Just as with earlier campaigns in the region, no Seljuk garrisons were installed, and existing fortifications were razed.
As much as jihad, the aim was to allow the sultan to carry out the traditional nomad chief’s role of securing pasture and plunder, to cement bonds of loyalty with his nomadic subjects, and to appeal to disaffected Türkmen after the death of Qutlumush.
179 That such a campaign should take priority over dealing with Qavurt or any of the sultan’s other relatives suggests both that there was more at stake than merely the territorial expansion of the empire, and underlines the extent to which Alp Arslan still felt himself to be beholden to a nomadic constituency. Alp Arslan seems to have been especially concerned by the activities of a Türkmen grouping called the Nawakiyya, who started to settle in Syria and the borders of Anatolia around the beginning of his reign.
Exactly who the Nawakiyya were is unclear, but they may well have been connected with the earlier Balkhan-K uhiyan and ‘Iraqiyya, who now disappear from the record. Their leaders were often of aristocratic, even Seljuk birth. A certain Ibn Khan, who operated around Aleppo, is described as a Türkmen prince; Qutlumush’s son Sulayman was a Nawakiyya leader, as was the sultan’s brother-i n- law Arisighi/Eresghen/Erbasghan (the reconstruction of the name is unclear).
180 The Nawakiyya were widely used by various parties in Syria – includ- ing the Fatimids – as mercenaries or auxiliaries.181 Owing to his poor relations with Alp Arslan, Erbasghan and his followers sought to enter Byzantine service, threatening to destabilise Byzantine–Seljuk relations. Initially, despite the loss of Ani, the Byzantines had sought amicable rela- tions with the Seljuks, and these seem to have been sealed by a formal treaty.
182 For reasons which are unclear, the Byzantines offered Erbasghan and his men shelter; perhaps they believed they could use them against other Türkmen, or as a bargaining chip, or simply sought to take advan- tage of their military prowess. The emperor Romanus was anxious to assert Byzantine power in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria, against which he had launched expeditions that captured the town of Manbij and threat- ened Aleppo,
183 although at the time these territories were not subject to the Seljuk Empire. Romanus’ Syrian campaigns seem to have worried Alp Arslan much less than his aid to these Nawakiyya, and the sultan threatened to break the truce if Erbasghan and his Nawakiyya were not handed over.
184 The sultan had marched to Syria to impose his authority over local Arab rulers such as the Mirdasids of Aleppo (who were also employing Nawakiyya troops), and then advanced on the Diyar Bakr (itself a major Türkmen winter pasture). Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
185 When he heard that Romanus was leading a great army eastwards, aiming to cement the emperor’s authority by putting an end to the Turkish raids which had plagued the plateau for the last forty years, Alp Arslan seized the opportunity to divert his army to confront the emperor who had given shelter to his Nawakiyya enemies. The two forces met at Manzikert, north of Lake Van, in 463/1071; the Byzantines were routed, and Romanus taken prisoner.
186 Manzikert is conventionally considered one of the great turning points in world history, opening the way to the collapse of the Byzantine empire in Anatolia and the establishment of Turkish rule there. However, both Byzantine and Muslim sources agree that Alp Arslan offered Romanus gener- ous peace terms, involving merely the concession of a few frontier fortresses such as Edessa and the payment of an indemnity. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 10 English Subtitle Free | আল্প আর্সালান বুয়ুক সেলজুক ভলিউম ১০ বাংলা সাবটাইটেল
Rather than his defeat in battle, it was the ensuing civil war with his Byzantine rivals that cost Romanus his throne and led to the collapse of Constantinople’s author- ity across much of the Anatolian plateau. The vacuum left by this collapse did open the way to the formation of Turkish principalities in Asia Minor. Moreover, the defeat at Manzikert highlighted Byzantium’s weakness to the wider world, and it inspired broader Christian fears of the empire’s imminent demise before Islam.
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[…] Thus – to take one of the few examples that have been studied in detail – northern Syria actually seems much more integrated into the empire and ‘Seljuk’ in the early twelfth century. With Seljuk officials, now present not just in the large cities but also smaller centers and the countryside.6 The Seljuk sultan’s court served as the amirs’ model, and they brought its ideals and its practices to their iq†ā‘s. Watch Now […]