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Malikshah and Nizam al- Mulk, 1072–92
Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle Nizam al- Mulk and the Transformation of the Seljuk Empire Internally, the most striking development of Malikshah’s reign was the expo- nential increase in the power of the vizier, Nizam al- Mulk. Not for nothing do some chroniclers refer to the period as ‘al- dawla al- Nizamiyya’, the Nizam’s state,227 whilst modern scholars have described him as ‘the real ruler of the Seljuk empire’. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 English Subtitle
The fourteenth- century biographer Subki agreed, saying that his vizierate was ‘not just a vizierate, it was above the sultanate’.229 Although Nizam al- Mulk had served as vizier through Alp Arslan’s reign, his own account indicates he had a somewhat chilly relationship with the sultan. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
Alparslan Buyuk Selcuklu Episode 14 With English Subtitle According to Ibn al- Athir, Malikshah voluntarily entrusted his vizier with complete powers shortly after his accession, seeing him as the only man who could prevent the military’s incessant plundering of the civilian population. Malikshah not only rewarded him with lands, but even the title of atabeg, meaning ‘father of a prince’, signifying his role as guardian to the youthful sultan.
Alparslan Seljuk English Subtitle
A different, and rather more convincing, explanation of Nizam al- Mulk’s ascendancy is given by Sibt b. al-J awzi. To cement his own position, and that of his nominal master, Nizam al-M ulk implemented a policy of cutting the old Turkish aristocracy down to size. The vizier was behind the killing of Malikshah’s aunt Gawhar Khatun, who retained the support of a substantial band of Türkmen, Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle and the execution of Chaghrı’s son Qavurt – who had sought the sultanate for himself on Alp Arslan’s death – and the blinding of his sons. Qavurt’s plea to Malikshah for his life suggests the bitter resentment with which some regarded Nizam al- Mulk’s policies: Do not destroy this house by killing me and listening to the bureaucrats – meaning Nizam al-M ulk – as to what to do with me. Do with me what is fitting for Turks and I will give you the like of what you lost when your father died. I will go to Syria and Egypt and I shall surrender my whole land to you.
It was to no avail, and the executions were carried out. When the army learned of this, they were in uproar and ‘cursed Nizam al- Mulk to his face, and cursed Malikshah, and disassociated themselves from him, saying “This is not what Alp Arslan bequeathed. According to his will, Qavurt Beg was to receive Kirman and Fars . . .”.’ Nizam al- Mulk asked the terrified Malikshah ‘Do you want to manage this affair or shall I?’ Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
Malikshah abjured responsi- bility, and Nizam al-M ulk resolved the crisis by buying off the troops with money and land grants.234 The crisis demonstrated Nizam al- Mulk’s growing power, the sense of sultanic impotence and the increasing break with the nomadic past, and the bitterness these changes engendered in some. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
A break can also be seen in Malikshah’s own behaviour. Malikshah spent much less time on campaign compared with Tughrıl and Alp Arslan. Isfahan became firmly established as the sultan’s main place of residence, although in the last years of his reign Malikshah tended to winter in Baghdad. While Alp Arslan had spent little more than a year out of his decade-long sultanate in Isfahan, Malikshah resided there for well over half his reign. The city also served as the burial place of Malikshah, his sons and grandsons, and prominent servants of the state like Nizam al-M ulk.
Malikshah’s choice of capital far away from the centers of Türkmen settlement around Hamadhan, Rayy, Merv and Azerbaijan may be connected with the growing distance between the sultan and his nomadic subjects.236 Posterity remembered Nizam al-M ulk’s three decades as vizier kindly. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
The idea of a strong bureaucracy was attractive to the kuttāb class who later lost power to amirs, and it is largely they who wrote our sources. ‘Imad al-Din al-I Esfahani (drawing at least partly on the account of a contemporary, Ibn al-S imnani, d. 493/1100) illustrates the esteem in which Nizam al-M ulk was held by later generations: He became vizier at a time when the order of the realm was weakened, and the decrees of religion had been altered at the end of the Daylamite state [i.e., the Buyids] and the beginning of the Turks’ state [i.e., the Seljuks].
The lands had been destroyed by their toing and froing, and were impoverished and depopulated. Hostile hands took control of them and became strong, while mourners bewailed the territories and the calamities [that had befallen them]. [Nizam al- Mulk] restored the realm to order [a‘āda al-m ulk ilā ’l- niÕām], Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
and religion to its proper state. He made the provinces flourish and he built constantly. The custom was that taxes were collected from the land and spent on the army; previously no one had held a land- grant Nizam al- Mulk realized that taxes were not being collected from the land owing to its poor condition, nor was revenue being realized for the same reason. Alparslan Buyuk Seljuk Episode 14 With English Subtitle
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Alparslan Buyuk Selcuklu Episode 14 With English Subtitle
[…] The Sultanate of Iraq, became, however, a very different creature, run in the second half of the twelfth century by what has been described as a ‘dyarchy’8 – a system of dual rule whereby a Seljuk sultan reigned in name, while effective power was exercised by his atabegs, a dynasty of slave origin from Nakhchivan in the Caucasus known as the Ildegüzids. This dyarchy functioned until the last Seljuk sultan, Tughrıl III, tried to free himself from its shackles and assert his own authority as ruler. [Watch Now] […]
[…] 45 Although in reality Muhammad’s commitment to any sort of jihad was distinctly lacked- luster, he was able to use the threats the Seljuk Empire faced to his propaganda advantage. These threats were, first, the Crusaders, and, secondly, and more seriously, the Ismailis. Neither was a new phenomenon, but it was under Muhammad Tapar that the Seljuk state made some progress against them.The Seljuks and the Jihad against the Crusaders and Ismailis The alarm caused by the victory at Manzikert and Atsız’s capture of Jerusalem had been cleverly manipulated by the Byzantine emperor Alexios to secure western support that he hoped would shore up his own position. Thus it was that the First Crusade was born. Go to Watch […]